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United States Marine Corps

The Marine Corps United States (USMC) is a branch of the United States armed forces responsible for the provision of projection power from the sea, [2] using the mobility of the U.S. Navy to rapidly deliver combined-arms task forces. It is one of seven uniformed services USA. Administratively, the Marine Corps is a component of the Department of the Navy, [3] [4], but acts functionally as a separate branch of the military, often working closely with U.S. naval forces for training, transport and logistic purposes.

Originally organized as infantry Continental Marine November 10, 1775 as naval infantry, the Marine Corps has become his mission with changing military doctrine and policy U.S. foreign. The Marine Corps has served in every American armed conflict and attained prominence in the 20th century when its theories and practice of war amphibious proved prescient and ultimately formed the cornerstone of the Pacific campaign of World War II. [5] By the mid 20th century, the Corps Marines had become the dominant theorist and practitioner of amphibious warfare. [6] [7] [8] Its ability to respond rapidly to regional crises gives an important role in the implementation and execution of American foreign policy.

TV "> http://www.himfr.com/buy-Television_Size/ "> TV SizeThe United States Marine Corps, with 194,000 in active duty and 40,000 reserve Marines, [10] is the smallest of the U.S. armed forces in the Department of Defense (the United Kingdom States Coast Guard is smaller, about fifth the size of the Marine Corps, but serves Homeland Security). The Corps, however, is larger than the entire armed forces of many major powers military, for example, is larger than the active duty Israel Defense Forces or the whole British army.

The States Marine Corps United serves as an amphibious force in the preparation. As stated in 10 USC § 5063, and filed under National Security Act of 1947, has three main areas Disclaimer:

"The seizure or defense of advanced naval bases and other land operations to support naval campaigns;
The development tactics, techniques and equipment used by amphibious landing forces, and
Any other duties as the President may direct. "
This last clause, while seemingly redundant given the President of the position of Commander in Chief, is a codification of the expeditionary duties of the Infantry Navy. It derives from similar language in the Acts of Congress "To the best organization of the Marine Corps, 1834, and" Setting and a Marine Corps "of 1798. In 1951, the House of Representatives Armed Services Committee called the clause" one of the most important functions traditional legal and Marines. "He noted that the Corps has more often than not performed actions of non-naval, including famous actions in the war of 1812, in Tripoli, Chapultepec, the fight against the insurgency and many rights (like those of Central America), War World War and Korea. While these actions are not accurately described as war advocacy campaigns nor as amphibious warfare, their common denominator is that they are in nature expeditionary mobility using the Navy to provide timely intervention in foreign affairs on behalf of U.S. interests.

In addition of their primary duties, the Marine Corps has missions in direct support of the White House and State Department. The Marine Band, known as the "President's Own "by Thomas Jefferson, provides music for state functions at the White House. Marines guard presidential retreats, including Camp David, [14] and the Marine Corps Executive Flight Detachment of HMX-1 provide helicopter transport to the President and Vice President, using the call signs "Marine One" and "Marine Two" respectively. By the authority of the Foreign Service Act of 1946, the security guards of the Embassy Marina Marina Command Security to ensure the safety of United States embassies, legations and consulates in over 110 posts worldwide.

At its foundation, was established the Marine Corps infantry serving aboard naval vessels and was responsible for the safety of the ship and its crew by conducting combat offense and defense during boarding actions, and defending the ship officers mutiny, the latter end, their quarters on the ship were often strategically positioned between the headquarters of the officers and the rest of the boat. Continental Marines were also responsible for manning strike groups, both at sea and ashore. First American amphibious assault landing occurred early in the Revolutionary War as the Marines took control of a British ammunition depot and naval in the port of New Providence, Bahamas. The role of the Marine Corps has expanded significantly, as the importance of its original naval mission declined with changing of naval warfare doctrine and the professionalization of the service in the Marine Corps to adapt to focus on what were formerly secondary missions ashore. The doctrine of the Base Advanced early 20th century codified their combat land rights, highlighting the use of Marines in the seizure of bases and other land rights to support naval campaigns. The Marines also develop tactics and techniques of amphibious assault on defended coastlines in time for use in the Second World War. [16] Its original mission of providing security on board, finally ended in the 1990s, when they withdrew the last detachments of security U.S. Navy from ships of the Navy.

While the Marine Corps does not employ any unique combat weapon as a force that has the unique ability to rapidly deploy a combined force of arms to work almost anywhere in the world within days. The basic structure for all deployed units is a marine air-Ground Task Force (MAGTF) that integrates a ground combat element, an element of combat aviation, and a component element of combat logistics fighting under a common command element. While the creation of joint commands under the Goldwater-Nichols Act has improved inter-departmental coordination between U.S. military services, the body's ability to permanently maintain integrated multi-element task forces under a single command provides a smooth implementation the combination of the principles of military weapons [5].

The tight integration of various Army units stems from an organizational culture centered in the infantry. Every other marine capacity exists to support the infantry. Unlike some Western armed forces, the Corps remains conservative against theories proclaiming the ability of new weapons to win wars of independence. For example, Marine Aviation has always been focused on air support has remained close and heavily influenced by air power theories proclaiming that strategic bombing alone to win wars.

This infantry approach corresponds to the doctrine that "Every Marine is a rifleman," a focus of Commandant Alfred M. Gray, Jr., emphasizing the capabilities infantry fighting each seafarer. All Marines, regardless of military specialization, receive training as a rifleman, all staff receive training as infantry platoon commanders. [17] The value of this culture has been demonstrated many times in history. For example, Wake Island, when all Navy planes were shot down, pilots continued the fight as ground officers, what employees and supply the kitchen in a final defensive effort. [18] As a result, a high degree of initiative and autonomy is expected of junior Marines, particularly the NCOs (corporals and sergeants), compared with many other organizations military. The Marine Corps emphasizes authority and responsibility downward to a greater degree than the other military services. The flexibility of the execution is carried out through a emphasis on the intention "of command" as a guiding principle for ordering, indicating the final state, but leaves open the manner of execution [19].

The amphibious assault techniques developed by the Second World War has evolved with the addition of air assault and the doctrine of maneuver warfare, in the current "Operational Maneuver from the doctrine of" Sea of power projection from the seas. [2] The Marines are credited with the development of doctrine helicopter insertion and were the first in the American military to widely adopt maneuver warfare principles, which emphasize the implementation low-level initiative and flexible.

The U.S. Marine Corps is based on the U.S. Navy for shipping to provide deployment capabilities fast. In addition to basing a third of the Corps Marine Operating Forces in Japan, Marine Expeditionary Unit (MEU) are typically stationed at sea. This allows the ability to function as first responders to international incidents. U.S. Army now maintains light infantry units capable of worldwide rapid deployment, but these units do not match the combined arms integration of a MAGTF, and lack the logistics that the Navy offers. [5] For this reason, the Marines often assigned to missions such as noncombatant evacuation of Americans from unstable countries and humanitarian relief for natural disasters. In larger conflicts, Marines act as a temporary substitute to come into possession of an area until larger units can be mobilized. The Corps of conduct this function in the First World War and the Korean War, where the Marines were the first significant combat units deployed from the United States and kept the line of until the country could mobilize for war.

The Marine Corps United States traces its institutional roots to the Continental Marines of the War Independence, formed at Tun Tavern in Philadelphia, by a resolution of the Second Continental Congress November 10, 1775 to increase by 2 battalions of Marines. This date is regarded and celebrated as the date of the Marine "Corps" birthday ". At the end of the American Revolution in 1783, both the Navy and the Marine Continental Continental Navy was disbanded, and although individual Marines were enlisted for the few American naval vessels left, the institution not be revived until 1798. In that year, in preparation for the naval war with France, Congress created the United States Navy and Marine Corps.

The Marines most famous action of this period occurred during the First Barbary War (1801-1805) against the Barbary pirates, [22], when William Eaton and First Lieutenant Presley O'Bannon led seven Marines and 300 mercenaries in an effort to capture Tripoli. Although only reached the Derna, the action at Tripoli has been immortalized in the Marine Corps' and the anthem of the Mamluk sword made by naval officers.

During the War of 1812, Marine naval detachments took part in the great frigate duels that characterized the war, who were the first American victories in the conflict. His most significant contributions were delaying the British march on Washington, DC, at the Battle of Bladensburg and holding the center of Gen. Andrew Jackson defensive line in the defense of New Orleans. At the end of the war, the Marines had acquired a deserved reputation as expert marksmen, especially in boat actions of the ship.

After the war, the Marines fell into a depression that ended with the appointment of Archibald Henderson as their commander fifth in 1820. Under his tenure, the corps took responsibility for the Caribbean, Gulf of Mexico, Key West, West Africa, the Falkland Islands and Sumatra. Commandant Henderson is credited with thwarting attempts by President Jackson to combine and integrate the Marine Corps with the Army. [23] Instead, Congress passed the Law for the better organization of the Marine Corps in 1834, which states that the body is part of the Department of the Navy as a sister service of the Navy U.S. [24]. This would be the first of many times questioned the existence of the Body.

Commandant Henderson volunteered for the Marine Corps service in the Seminole War of 1835, personally leading nearly half of all Corps (two battalions) to war. A decade later, in the Mexican-American War (1846-1848), the Marines made their famed assault on Chapultepec Palace in Mexico City, held after the phrase "From the Halls of Montezuma" in the Marine Corps hymn. In the 1850s, the Marines would see further service in Panama and Asia, escorting Matthew Perry East and India Squadron on its historic journey to the Far East.

With its great service in the foreign commitments, the Marine Corps played a moderate role in Civil War (1861-1865), his most important task was blockade duty. As more and more states seceded from the Union, almost half of the Corps of Engineers Union officials also left to join the Confederacy and form the Confederate States Marine Corps, which eventually played a small role in the war. The battalion of recruits formed for the first battle of Bull Run (First Manassas) performed poorly, retreating with the rest of the Union forces.

The rest of the 19th century was marked by declining strength and introspection about the mission of the Marines. The transition from U.S. Navy on the sail to steam put into question the need for Marines aboard warships. Meanwhile, Marines served as a convenient resource for interventions and landings to protect American lives and American interests abroad. The Corps has participated in over 28 separate interventions in the 30 years since the end American Civil War until the late 19th century. They were also urged to stop political and labor unrest in the United States. [26] Under the tenure of Commander Jacob Zeilin, Marine customs and traditions took shape: the Corps adopted the emblem of the Marine Corps on 19 November 1868. It was also during this time that "The Marines' Hymn" was heard. Around 1883, the Marines adopted their current motto "Semper Fidelis" (Latin, always faithful).

John Philip Sousa, the musician and composer, enlisted as a Marine trainee at the age of 13, serving from 1867 to 1872, and again 1880 to 1892 as the leader of the Marine Band.

During the Spanish-American War (1898), Marines led U.S. forces ground in the Philippines, Cuba and Puerto Rico, demonstrating their readiness for deployment. In Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, the Marines seized a naval base that continues to advance use today. Between 1899 and 1916, the Corps continued its record of participation in foreign expeditions, including the Philippine-American War, Boxer Rebellion in China (1899-1901), Panama, the pacification of Cuba, Perdicaris Incident in Morocco, Veracruz, Santo Domingo, and the Banana Wars in Haiti and Nicaragua, the experience gained in the fight against the insurgency and guerrilla operations during this period have been consolidated into the Small Wars Manual.

During the War World veteran Marines played a central role in the entry of the United States later in the conflict. Unlike the U.S. Army, the Marines had deep a pool of officers and NCOs with combat experience, and experienced a relatively smaller expansion. Here, the Marines fought their famed battle at Belleau Wood, the creation of the Marine Corps reputation in modern history. While its previous expeditionary experiences had not earned great fame in the Western world, Marine ferocity and tenacity in France, won them respect from the Germans, which was assessed as a soldier with assault. Although Marines and U.S. media reported that Germans had nicknamed Teufel Hunden as meaning "Devil Dogs," there is no evidence of it in the records Germany (as would be the right phrase Teufelshunde German), was possibly American propaganda. But the name stuck. [28] The Corps had entered in the war with 511 officers and 13,214 enlisted personnel, and 11 November 1918 had reached a strength of 2,400 officers and 70,000 men [29].

Between the wars world, the Marine Corps was headed by Commandant John A. Lejeune, and under his leadership, the Corps presciently studied and developed amphibious techniques would be very useful in the Second World War. Many officers, including Lt. Col. Earl Hancock "Pete" Ellis, foresaw a war in the Pacific, with Japan, where the preparations for conflict. Through 1941, as the prospect of war grew, the Corps pushed urgently for joint amphibious exercises amphibians and purchased equipment that would be of great use in the next conflict.

U.S. Marines on Iwo Jima raising the American flag.
In the Second World War, the Marines played a central role in the Pacific War. The battles of Guadalcanal, Tarawa, Cape Gloucester, Saipan, Peleliu, Iwo Jima and Okinawa saw fierce fighting between U.S. Marines and Imperial Japanese Army.

Philip Johnston proposed the use of Navajo language as a code for the Corps. The idea was accepted, and the Navajo code was formally developed and model of the Joint Army Navy Phonetic Alphabet.

During the battle of Iwo Jima, photographer Joe Rosenthal took the famous photograph Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima of five Marines and a Navy Corpsman increase the American flag on the mountain. Suribachi. Secretary of the Navy James Forrestal, having come ashore earlier that day, said the flag-raising, "... the raising of that flag on Suribachi, a marine Corps for the next hundred years. "The acts of the Marines during the war added to their already significant popular reputation. When the war ended, the Corps expanded from two to six brigades of the divisions, five air units, and supporting troops, totaling roughly 485,000 Marines. In addition, 20 battalions defense and a parachute battalion were set raised. [31] Nearly 87,000 Marines were victims during the Second World War (including some 20,000 dead), and 82 were awarded the Medal of Honor [32].

Despite Secretary Forrestal's prediction, the Corps faced an immediate institutional crisis after the war. Army generals pushing the strengthening and reorganization of the defense establishment also attempted to fold the mission Marine and active in the Navy and Army. Drawing on the support of Congress hastily Marines fought such efforts to dismantle the body, resulting in the legal protection of the Marine Corps in the National Security Act of 1947 [33]. Soon after, in 1952, Douglas, Bill Mansfield, who offers a voice of Commander equality with the Joint Staff on matters relating to the Marines and established the structure of three active divisions and air wings that remain today day.

The Korean War (1950-1953) saw the hastily Provisional Marine Brigade holding the defensive line at the Pusan perimeter. To run flanking maneuver, General Douglas MacArthur called on Marine air and ground forces to make an amphibious landing at Inchon. The landing was successful in the collapse of North Korea lines and the pursuit of North Korean forces north near the Yalu River to the entrance of the People's Republic of China in the war. Chinese troops surrounded, surprised and overwhelmed the overextended and outnumbered American forces. X Corps, which included the 1st Marine Division and 7th Infantry Division, regrouped and caused heavy casualties during its withdrawal from the fight against the coast, now known as the Battle of Chosin Reservoir. Infants Navy will continue a war of attrition around the 38th Parallel until the 1953 armistice. [34] The Korean War saw the body to expand to 75,000 regular force of 261,000 infants Marines, most reservists. 30,544 Marines were killed or wounded during the war and 42 were awarded the Medal of Honor [35].

The Infantry Navy was an important role in the Vietnam War, participating in battles such as Da Nang, Hue City and Khe Sanh. Individuals in the Marine Corps operates in Regions I Corps North of South Vietnam. While there, they were constantly engaged in a guerrilla war against the National Liberation Front of South Vietnam (NLF) and a war conventional flashing against the North Vietnamese Army (NVA). Some body parts were responsible for the less-known Combined Action Program (CAP) that implemented unconventional techniques for counter-insurgency and worked as military advisors to the Republic of Vietnam Marine Corps. The Marines were withdrawn in 1971, and returned briefly in 1975 to evacuate Saigon and attempt to rescue the crew of the Mayaguez.

Vietnam was the longest war of Infantry Navy, by its end, 13,091 [37] [38] were killed in action, 51,392 wounded, and 57 Medals of Honor were awarded. [39] [40] Due to policies concerning rotation, more Marines were deployed for duty in Vietnam during the Second World War.

While recovering from Vietnam, the Corps to a low point in its history to the detriment of service caused by courts-martial and nonjudicial punishments related in part to increased absence without leave and desertion during the war. Overhauling of the Corps began in the 1970s, the performance of most criminals, and once the quality of new recruits improved, the Corps focused on reforming the NCO Corps, a vital part of the operation of its forces [5].

After Vietnam, the Marines resumed expeditionary role, participating in 1980 attempt to rescue the hostages in Iran Operation Eagle Claw, the invasion of Grenada (Operation Urgent Fury) and invasion Panama (Operation Just Cause). On 23 October 1983, the building of the Marine headquarters in Beirut, Lebanon, was bombed, causing further loss of time peace for the body of his history (220 Marines and 21 other service members of the 24th Marine Expeditionary Unit were killed) and leading to U.S. withdrawal from country. The year 1990 saw the edge of the Marine Corps Joint Task Force Sharp to save thousands of lives by evacuating British nationals, French and American the violence of civil war in Liberia. During the Gulf War (1990-1991), Marine task forces formed the initial core for Operation Desert Shield, while the U.S. and Coalition troops mobilized, and later liberated Kuwait in Operation Desert Storm. [23] U.S. Marines participated in combat operations in Somalia (1992-1995) during Operations Restore Hope, Restore Hope II, and United Shield to provide humanitarian aid.

After September 11 2001 against President George W. Bush announced a war against terrorism. The stated goal of the global war on terror is "the defeat of al-Qaeda, other terrorist groups and any nation that supports or harbors terrorists ". [43] Since then, the Marine Corps, along with other military and federal agencies, participated in the global operations worldwide in support of that mission.

Marines and other U.S. forces began staging in Uzbekistan in Pakistan the border of Afghanistan in early October 2001 in preparation for Operation Enduring Freedom. [44] On 15 and 26 Marine Expeditionary Units were the first conventional forces into Afghanistan in support of Operation Enduring Freedom in November 2001 and in December, the Marines seized Kandahar International Airport. [45] Since then, battalions and squadrons of the navy have been through rotation, with the participation of Taliban and Al Qaeda.

In 2002, the Combined Joint Task Force - Horn of Africa (CJTF-HOA) was stood up at Camp Lemonier to ensure regional security. [46] Although the transfer overall command of U.S. Navy in 2006, the Marines have been operating in the Horn of Africa in 2007.

More recently, the Marines have served so prominently in the Iraq war. The I Marine Expeditionary Force, along with the 3rd Infantry Division, spearheaded the 2003 invasion of Iraq [48]. During the occupation of Iraq, Marines spearheaded both the attacks on Fallujah in April (Operation Vigilant Resolve) and November 2004 (Operation Phantom Fury). [49] of his time in Iraq has also courted controversy with the Haditha incident and the incident of Hamdania. [44] [50] They still operating throughout the country.

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